Human beings possess a unique ability to reflect on their own existence. We wonder, Why can I think? Why can I feel? How do thoughts translate into action? Can machines ever become truly conscious, or is there something deeper within us that science cannot fully explain? These questions have fascinated philosophers, scientists, and theologians for centuries.
In recent times, many have tried to explain consciousness through a purely materialistic lens, claiming that it is nothing more than neural activity in the brain. However, this perspective overlooks a fundamental truth: human beings are more than just physical bodies. Islam provides a deeper, more holistic understanding- one that recognises both the physical and spiritual dimensions of human existence.
Beyond the Physical: The Islamic View of Consciousness
In the Quran, Allah tells us:
“And they ask you concerning the ruh (spirit). Say: ‘The ruh is from the command of my Lord, and you have not been given knowledge except a little.’” (17:85)
This verse highlights the limits of human understanding. Despite scientific advancements, the true nature of consciousness remains a mystery. Islam teaches that human beings are not merely physical entities; they possess a spirit (ruh), a soul (nafs), and intellect (aql), each playing a crucial role in shaping perception, decision-making, and awareness.
– The Spirit (Ruh) – The divine essence breathed into every human being, giving life and consciousness.
– The Soul (Nafs) – The inner aspect of a person that experiences desires and inclinations, which can either be purified or corrupted.
– The Intellect (Aql) – The ability to reason, reflect, and recognise truth.
Unlike materialistic views that reduce human experience to brain chemistry, Islam recognises consciousness as a divine gift, deeply connected to the spiritual realm.
The Failure of Materialism
For over a century, materialism- the belief that only the physical world exists- has dominated scientific and philosophical thought. According to this perspective, human consciousness is simply a byproduct of neural activity, and emotions, morality, and free will are mere illusions.
This view has left many feeling empty. Despite technological and scientific advancements, people continue to search for meaning beyond the material world. This yearning for something greater is deeply ingrained in human nature. The Qur’an explains:
“And [mention] when your Lord took from the children of Adam, from their loins, their descendants and made them testify concerning themselves, [saying], ‘Am I not your Lord?’ They said, ‘Yes, we have testified.’ Lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection, ‘Indeed, we were unaware of this.’” (7:172)
This verse refers to the innate awareness of God (fitra) placed within every human being. No matter how much people try to deny the existence of the divine, the longing for spirituality, purpose, and truth remains.
Can AI Become Conscious?
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), some scientists and technologists speculate that machines may one day achieve human like consciousness. If the brain is just a biological machine, could a sufficiently advanced computer also develop thoughts, emotions, and awareness?
From the Islamic perspective, this idea is flawed. Consciousness is not merely a product of computation; it is a divine mystery linked to the soul. AI may be able to mimic human intelligence, but it can never possess the true awareness, morality, or spirituality that define human consciousness. Machines lack ruh and soul – the spiritual essence that makes us who we are.
A Shift in Thinking: The Return to Spirituality
Interestingly, as materialism fails to provide satisfying answers, many scientists and philosophers are beginning to reconsider their assumptions. Some now argue that consciousness is not merely a product of the brain but a fundamental aspect of reality itself.
The Quran predicts this growing realisation:
“We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the truth.” (41:53)
While not all thinkers are turning to religion, many are acknowledging that materialism alone cannot explain the full depth of human experience. Concepts like near death experiences, intuitive knowledge, and the profound nature of human emotions challenge the reductionist view that we are merely biological machines.
Many seekers of truth find themselves on a journey away from strict materialism, yet they do not always know where to turn. Some explore alternative philosophies, New Age spirituality, or other non-materialist worldviews. However, true understanding lies not in vague spirituality but in the recognition of the Creator.
“Did you think that We created you in vain and that you would not be returned to Us?” (23:115)
Islam provides the most comprehensive and coherent understanding of human existence. It affirms both the physical and the spiritual, offering answers to the deepest questions about consciousness, purpose, and destiny. Those who seek truth will ultimately find that the only path that truly satisfies both reason and the soul is submission to Allah.
As we reflect on the mysteries of consciousness, we must remember that true knowledge comes from divine guidance. The journey to understanding begins with humility, sincerity, and a willingness to seek the truth revealed by the One who created us all.
